{"id":35696,"date":"2016-09-15T11:49:02","date_gmt":"2016-09-15T09:49:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=35696"},"modified":"2018-09-23T12:03:43","modified_gmt":"2018-09-23T10:03:43","slug":"impulsores-geneticos-un-arma-biologica-para-destruir-especies-drive-genetic-a-weapon-biological-to-destroy-species","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=35696","title":{"rendered":"Impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00bfUn \u00abarma biol\u00f3gica\u00bb para destruir especies.Drive genetic: a \u00abweapon biological\u00bb to destroy species?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00bfUn \u00abarma biol\u00f3gica\u00bb para destruir especies?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Drive genetic: a \u00abweapon biological\u00bb to destroy species?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Publicado: 13 sep 2016 17:05 GMT | \u00daltima actualizaci\u00f3n: 13 sep 2016 17:05 GMT<\/span><\/p>\n

var socialShareText = ‘Impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00bfUn &quot;arma biol\u00f3gica&quot; para destruir especies?’; function htmlspecialcharsDecode(text) { return text .replace(\/&amp;\/g, \u00ab&\u00bb) .replace(\/&lt;\/g, \u00ab<\u00ab) .replace(\/&gt;\/g, \u00ab>\u00bb) .replace(\/&quot;\/g, \u00ab\\\u00bb\u00bb) .replace(\/&#039;\/g, \u00ab\\'\u00bb); } var decodeSocialText = htmlspecialcharsDecode(socialShareText); AddThis Sharing Buttons<\/span><\/p>\n

Share to Facebook148<\/strong>Share to TwitterShare to Google+Share to WhatsAppShare to M\u00e1s…70<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Una nueva tecnolog\u00eda de ingenier\u00eda gen\u00e9tica se propone modificar la reproducci\u00f3n de ciertas especies da\u00f1inas para extinguirlas. La pol\u00e9mica est\u00e1 servida. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abSi se pudiera extinguir totalmente especies que una empresa o instituci\u00f3n considere da\u00f1inas \u00bfestar\u00eda justificado hacerlo? \u00bfQui\u00e9n lo decide? \u00bfC\u00f3mo afectar\u00e1 las cadenas alimentarias y los ecosistemas? El arma ya existe y aunque est\u00e1 en fase de prototipo, su desarrollo ocurre a un ritmo vertiginoso\u00bb. \u00c9sta es la alarmante introducci\u00f3n con la que Silvia Ribeiro, una investigadora del grupo ecologista ETC<\/a>, denuncia el desarrollo y las controvertidas implicaciones ambientales de los \u00abimpulsores gen\u00e9ticos\u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un impulsor gen\u00e9tico?\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Se trata de una\u00a0nueva tecnolog\u00eda de ingenier\u00eda gen\u00e9tica\u00a0que puede alterar permanentemente especies mediante el impulso de un \u00abcar\u00e1cter\u00bb determinado dentro del ciclo reproductivo del organismo. Un car\u00e1cter es una cualidad determinada gen\u00e9ticamente\u00a0(por ejemplo, color de los ojos). En la reproducci\u00f3n sexual\u00a0normal, un car\u00e1cter tiene solamente el 50% de posibilidades\u00a0de expresarse. Con un impulsor gen\u00e9tico, sin embargo,\u00a0ese car\u00e1cter es \u00abimpulsado\u00bb de tal forma que todos los\u00a0descendientes siempre llevan y expresan el\u00a0rasgo espec\u00edfico de inter\u00e9s. Los impulsores\u00a0gen\u00e9ticos fuerzan que un car\u00e1cter\u00a0dise\u00f1ado artificialmente se distribuya a\u00a0trav\u00e9s de la poblaci\u00f3n natural, hasta que se\u00a0vuelva ubicuo o haga que toda la\u00a0poblaci\u00f3n colapse.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tal como se\u00f1ala Silvia Ribeiro en su art\u00edculo al respecto, \u00abunas pocas ONG internacionales promueven esta nueva biotecnolog\u00eda como medio de \u00abconservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza\u00bb, que proponen usar para extinguir especies invasoras: ratones, insectos, malezas<\/span><\/p>\n

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Los buenos prop\u00f3sitos: cura de enfermedades y conservaci\u00f3n artificial de especies..<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tal como reconocen incluso los grupos ecologistas, varios equipos trabajan en impulsores\u00a0gen\u00e9ticos que erradicar\u00edan mosquitos o los re-dise\u00f1ar\u00edan\u00a0para que no puedan transmitir malaria, tal como se explica en un interesante reportaje publicado por la revista Harvard Magazine<\/a>. Te\u00f3ricamente, los\u00a0mosquitos que transmiten el Zika y el Dengue tambi\u00e9n\u00a0podr\u00edan combatirse con sistemas de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Adem\u00e1s, al menos un equipo trabaja actualmente en el\u00a0desarrollo de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos para combatir los\u00a0gusanos que causan la esquistosomiasis, y otros grupos de investigaci\u00f3n proponen impulsores gen\u00e9ticos para el par\u00e1sito que causa la tricuriasis y las lombrices intestinales<\/span><\/p>\n

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Por otra parte, algunos\u00a0conservacionistas argumentan que\u00a0las herramientas que ocasionan deliberadamente la\u00a0extinci\u00f3n podr\u00edan emplearse\u00a0para restablecer\u00a0el equilibrio ecol\u00f3gico en algunas partes del mundo. En concreto, un\u00a0consorcio de cinco socios, encabezados por el grupo conservacionista ‘Island Conservation’, est\u00e1n desarrollando roedores manipulados con impulsores gen\u00e9ticos para atacar y extinguir\u00a0a los ratones que da\u00f1an a las aves aut\u00f3ctonas en algunos ecosistemas aquejados de este problema.<\/span><\/p>\n

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En la misma l\u00ednea, existe tambi\u00e9n un proyecto considerablemente avanzado\u00a0para\u00a0desarrollar impulsores gen\u00e9ticos en mosquitos, que ser\u00edan liberados\u00a0en Hawaii, donde una de las especies aut\u00f3ctonas de mosquito acarrea\u00a0una forma de malaria que afecta a las aves nativas; hay que tener en cuenta que la tecnolog\u00eda de los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos puede alterar permanentemente especies enteras\u00a0al liberar al ambiente un solo\u00a0individuo bio-dise\u00f1ado. Este proyecto en Hawaii est\u00e1 auspiciado por ‘The Long Now Foundation\u2019s\u00a0Revive’ y por ‘Restore Project’.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00bfUn excesivo control sobre la naturaleza?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos pueden\u00a0redise\u00f1ar ecosistemas completos,\u00a0ocasionar extinciones \u00a0e intervenir\u00a0en sistemas vivos a gran escala.\u00a0Una vez que los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos se\u00a0dise\u00f1en dentro de una especie que se reproduce\u00a0velozmente, podr\u00edan alterar su poblaci\u00f3n en un marco\u00a0temporal muy breve, de meses a pocos a\u00f1os, y provocar r\u00e1pidamente una extinci\u00f3n. A esta tecnolog\u00eda radicalmente\u00a0nueva tambi\u00e9n se la llama \u00abreacci\u00f3n mutag\u00e9nica en cadena\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sus detractores se\u00f1alan que combina la ingenier\u00eda gen\u00e9tica extrema de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica y las\u00a0nuevas t\u00e9cnicas de edici\u00f3n gen\u00f3mica con la idea de que los\u00a0humanos pueden y deben usar herramientas tan poderosas\u00a0e ilimitadas como \u00e9sta para controlar la naturaleza. \u00abLos\u00a0impulsores gen\u00e9ticos cambian fundamentalmente la\u00a0relaci\u00f3n entre la humanidad y el mundo natural, para siempre\u00bb, se\u00f1ala el grupo ETC en su comunicado al respecto<\/span><\/p>\n

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El posible uso militar de esta tecnolog\u00eda.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Desde el propio grupo ecologista ETC se\u00f1alan que \u00ablas implicaciones para el ambiente, la seguridad\u00a0alimentaria, la paz e incluso la estabilidad\u00a0social son significativas. Lidiar con esta\u00a0desenfrenada tecnolog\u00eda ya se compara con\u00a0el reto que implica controlar el poder\u00a0nuclear\u00bb, y alertan de la posibilidad de\u00a0que esta tecnolog\u00eda pueda utilizarse con fines militares: \u00abLos impulsores gen\u00e9ticos son un caso cl\u00e1sico del uso ‘doble’ de la tecnolog\u00eda, lo que significa que una vez desarrollados para un fin, los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos\u00a0podr\u00edan tambi\u00e9n\u00a0utilizarse como arma o agente de guerra biol\u00f3gica. Por\u00a0ejemplo, ya se est\u00e1 trabajando en hacer gusanos par\u00e1sitos\u00a0con impulsores gen\u00e9ticos para erradicarlos. La misma\u00a0tecnolog\u00eda podr\u00eda usarse para hacer que esos gusanos\u00a0diseminen enfermedades o toxinas. Ya se crearon en\u00a0laboratorio impulsores gen\u00e9ticos en levaduras y se pueden\u00a0dise\u00f1ar para que sean da\u00f1inas para los humanos.\u00a0La liberaci\u00f3n de un impulsor gen\u00e9tico en un campo\u00a0agr\u00edcola podr\u00eda atacar la producci\u00f3n alimentaria de un pa\u00eds\u00a0entero. Y los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos en mosquitos y otros\u00a0insectos se pueden usar para distribuir toxinas letales con\u00a0su picadura\u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Fuerte oposici\u00f3n al uso de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Los detractores de esta tecnolog\u00eda manejan argumentos de gran calado para combatir su uso e implementaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/p>\n

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Silvia Ribeiro, a quien nos refer\u00edamos al comenzar este art\u00edculo, explica: \u00ab[Un impulsor gen\u00e9tico] es una construcci\u00f3n transg\u00e9nica que ‘enga\u00f1a’ a la naturaleza para que las especies de reproducci\u00f3n sexual (plantas, insectos, animales, humanos), pasen forzosamente un gen for\u00e1neo a todas las generaciones posteriores.\u00a0Es una v\u00eda biotecnol\u00f3gica que destruye la ventaja desarrollada en la co-evoluci\u00f3n de las especies en millones de a\u00f1os con la reproducci\u00f3n sexual\u00bb.\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

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71 gobiernos y 355 ONG que pertenecen a la IUCN (Uni\u00f3n Internacional para la Conservaci\u00f3n de la Naturaleza), presentaron una enmienda al uso de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos, aplazando as\u00ed el respaldo de la propia IUCN\u00a0a la investigaci\u00f3n, experimentos de campo y uso de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos hasta que se analicen en profundidad y eval\u00faen sus impactos en la biodiversidad y en cualquier otro aspecto.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Adem\u00e1s,\u00a030 personalidades, entre las que hay profesionales del \u00e1mbito cient\u00edfico, ecologistas, abogados y l\u00edderes ind\u00edgenas han elaborado y firmado un comunicado<\/a>\u00a0en contra del uso de esta aplicaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica<\/span><\/p>\n

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Consideramos que una tecnolog\u00eda tan poderosa y potencialmente peligrosa como los impulsores gen\u00e9ticos -reza el primer p\u00e1rrafo de este comunicado-, cuyas consecuencias imprevistas no han sido estudiadas ni probados, ni tampoco ha sido evaluada en sus impactos \u00e9ticos y sociales), no debe promoverse como herramienta de conservaci\u00f3n\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Y este es uno de los fragmentos que mejor resume el esp\u00edritu de su oposici\u00f3n al uso de impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00abQuienes firmamos, l\u00edderes y practicantes de los campos de la ciencia, la pol\u00edtica, la protecci\u00f3n ambiental, la conservaci\u00f3n y el derecho, estamos alarmados ante el hecho de que algunas organizaciones de conservaci\u00f3n han aceptado financiar y promover la liberaci\u00f3n al ambiente de organismos dise\u00f1ados con conductores gen\u00e9ticos. Proponen usar deliberadamente la extinci\u00f3n como herramienta, en contradicci\u00f3n directa con el prop\u00f3sito \u00e9tico de las organizaciones de conservaci\u00f3n, que es proteger la vida en la Tierra. Tambi\u00e9n nos preocupa el potencial uso de los conductores gen\u00e9ticos como armas de guerra y sus aplicaciones en la agricultura, y que los actuales esquemas regulatorios no son capaces de evaluar y gobernar esta nueva tecnolog\u00eda\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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A new technology of genetic engineering intends to modify the reproduction of certain harmful species to extinguish them. The controversy is served.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abIf it could completely extinguish species that a company or institution deemed harmful would it be justified to do so? Who it decides? How will affect them chains food and those ecosystems? \u00abThe weapon already exists and although is in phase of prototype, its development takes place to a rhythm vertiginous\u00bb. This is the alarming introduction with which Silvia Ribeiro, a researcher of the Group ecologist ETC, denounces the development and the controversial implications environmental of them \u00abdrive genetic\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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What is a drive genetic?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Is is of a new technology of engineering genetic that can alter permanently species by the impulse of a \u00abcharacter\u00bb set within the cycle reproductive of the organism. A character is a quality determined genetically (for example, color of the eyes). In the reproduction sexually normal, a character has only the 50% of possibilities of Express is. With a genetic drive, however, that character is \u00abdriven\u00bb so that all the descendants always carry and express the specific trait of interest. Genetic drive forced a character designed artificially to be distributed through the natural population, until it becomes ubiquitous, or make the entire population to collapse.<\/span><\/p>\n

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As points out Silvia Ribeiro in his article on the subject, \u00abfew international NGOs promote this new biotechnology as a means of\u00bbnature conservation\u00bb, which propose to use to extinguish invasive species: mice, insects and weeds\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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The good purposes: cure of diseases and conservation artificial of species.<\/span><\/p>\n

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As recognize even them groups ecologists, several teams working in drive genetic that erradicar\u00edan mosquitoes or them re-dise\u00f1ar\u00edan so not can transmit malaria, as is explains in an interesting report published by the magazine Harvard Magazine. Theoretically, the mosquitoes that carry Dengue and the Zika could also fight with driving forces behind genetic systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

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In addition, at least one team is currently working on the development of genetic drivers to combat worms that cause schistosomiasis, and other research groups propose genetic drivers for the parasite that causes the trichuriasis and pinworms<\/span><\/p>\n

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On the other hand, some conservationists argue that the tools deliberately causing the extinction could be used to restore the ecological in some parts of the world balance. In concrete, a consortium of five partners, headed by the Group conservationist ‘ Island Conservation’, are developing rodents manipulated with drive genetic for attack and extinguish to them mice that damage to the birds native in some ecosystems sufferers of this problem.<\/span><\/p>\n

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the same vein, there is also a considerably advanced project to develop genetic drivers in mosquitoes, which would be released in Hawaii, where one of the native species of mosquito carries a form of malaria that affects native birds; There are that have in has that the technology of them drive genetic can alter permanently species whole to the release to the environment an only individual bio-designed. This project in Hawaii is sponsored by ‘The Long Now Foundation completo revives’ and ‘Restore Project’.<\/span><\/p>\n

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An excessive control over the nature?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Them drive genetic can redesign ecosystems complete, cause extinctions and intervene in systems living large scale. Once the genetic drivers design are within a species that reproduces rapidly, could alter its population in a very short time frame, months to a few years, and quickly lead to extinction. This technology radically new also is called \u00abmutagenic PCR reaction\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Their detractors point that combines the engineering genetic extreme of the biology synthetic and them new technical of Edition Genomics with the idea of that them human can and must use tools so powerful e unlimited as this to control it nature. \u00abThe genetic drivers fundamentally change the relationship between humanity and the natural world, forever\u00bb, says the ETC Group in his statement in this regard<\/span><\/p>\n

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It may use military of this technology<\/span><\/p>\n

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From the own group ecologist ETC point that \u00abthe implications for the environment, the safety food, it peace e even it stability social are significant.\u00bb \u00abDeal with this rampant technology already is compares with the challenge that implies control the power nuclear\u00bb, and alert of the possibility of that this technology can use is with late military: \u00abthem drive genetic are a case classic of the use ‘ double ‘ of the technology, what means that a time developed for an end, them drive genetic could also use is as weapon or agent of war biological.\u00bb For example, already is is working on make worms parasites with drive genetic to eradicate them. The same technology may be used to make those worms to spread diseases or toxins. Already created in laboratory genetic drive in yeast and they can be designed so that they are harmful to humans. The release of a genetic drive in an agricultural field could attack the food production of an entire country. \u00abAnd them drive genetic in mosquitoes and other insects is can use to distribute toxins lethal with its sting\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Strong opposition to the use of drive genetic<\/span><\/p>\n

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Them detractors of this technology handle arguments of great draught for combat its use and implementation<\/span><\/p>\n

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Silvia Ribeiro, to who us referred to the start this article, explains: \u00ab[a drive genetic] is a construction GM that ‘ cheats ‘ to the nature for them species of reproduction sexual (plants, insects, animals, human), pass necessarily a gene foreign to all them generations later.\u00bb It is a biotech way which destroys the advantage developed the co-evolution of species millions of years with sexual reproduction\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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71 Governments and 355 NGOs belonging to the IUCN (International Union for conservation of nature), submitted an amendment to the use of driving forces behind genetic, thus deferring own IUCN research support, field and use of driving forces behind genetic experiments are analysed in depth and assess their impacts on biodiversity and on any other aspect.<\/span><\/p>\n

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In addition, 30 personalities, among which there are scientific professionals, environmentalists, lawyers and indigenous leaders have prepared and signed a statement against the use of this scientific application<\/span><\/p>\n

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Should not be promoted as a conservation tool \u00ab.<\/span><\/p>\n

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And this is one of them fragments that best summarizes the spirit of his opposition to the use of drive genetic: \u00abwho signed, leaders and practitioners of them fields of it science, the political, the protection environmental, the conservation and the right, are alarmed before the made of that some organizations of conservation have accepted finance and promote the release to the environment of organisms designed with drivers genetic.\u00bb Proposed use deliberately the extinction as tool, in contradiction direct with the purpose ethical of them organizations of conservation, that is protect the life in the Earth. \u00abAlso us worries the potential use of them drivers genetic as weapons of war and their applications in the agriculture, and that the current schemes regulatory not are capable of evaluate and govern this new technology\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tweet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, …………… Impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00bfUn \u00abarma biol\u00f3gica\u00bb para destruir especies? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, RT ……………… Drive genetic: a \u00abweapon biological\u00bb to destroy species? …………………. \u00a0 \u00a0 Publicado: 13 sep 2016 17:05 GMT | \u00daltima actualizaci\u00f3n: 13 sep 2016 17:05 GMT var socialShareText = ‘Impulsores gen\u00e9ticos: \u00bfUn &quot;arma biol\u00f3gica&quot; para destruir especies?’; function htmlspecialcharsDecode(text) { return text .replace(\/&amp;\/g, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-divulgacion","category-etnopaisaje","category-mis-dibujos"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=35696"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35701,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35696\/revisions\/35701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=35696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=35696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=35696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}