{"id":34248,"date":"2016-05-03T11:04:40","date_gmt":"2016-05-03T09:04:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=34248"},"modified":"2016-05-09T19:40:57","modified_gmt":"2016-05-09T17:40:57","slug":"vida-artificial-que-hay-detras-artificial-life-whats-behind","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=34248","title":{"rendered":"Vida artificial: \u00bfqu\u00e9 hay detr\u00e1s?-Artificial life: what’s behind?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Vida artificial: \u00bfqu\u00e9 hay detr\u00e1s?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Artificial life: what’s behind?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La construcci\u00f3n de organismos vivos, creados por computadora y a partir de unos cuantos qu\u00edmicos, avanza a un ritmo mucho m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido que la capacidad de la sociedad para comprender y debatir sus implicaciones o elaborar m\u00ednimas regulaciones de bioseguridad para prevenir sus impactos. Urge tambi\u00e9n entender qu\u00e9 intereses comerciales hay por detr\u00e1s, que act\u00faan para liberar al ambiente y poner en los mercados, sin supervisi\u00f3n independiente ni regulaci\u00f3n, los productos que se derivan de estas nuevas formas de vida artificial.<\/span><\/p>\n

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El 24 de marzo 2016, el controvertido cient\u00edfico y empresario Craig Venter anunci\u00f3 la creaci\u00f3n en su laboratorio de una nueva forma de vida, una bacteria cuyo genoma fue construido totalmente en forma artificial y que bautiz\u00f3 JCVI-Syn 3.0. La revista Science<\/em> public\u00f3 un art\u00edculo refiriendo el proceso el 25 de marzo. (http:\/\/goo.gl\/PvMrfu<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sintia 3.0, como la apodamos en el Grupo ETC desde sus or\u00edgenes, se diferencia de la primera versi\u00f3n, Sintia 1.0, creada en 2010, en varios aspectos. (Aqu\u00ed una historia popular de Sintia, http:\/\/goo.gl\/F3t0Y9<\/a> y qui\u00e9nes estaban detr\u00e1s de \u00e9sta http:\/\/goo.gl\/FUWJIe<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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La diferencia m\u00e1s notoria con Sintia 3.0 es que seg\u00fan sus creadores ahora lograron un genoma m\u00ednimo funcional, es decir, no copiaron en su totalidad el genoma de un organismo existente (la bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides<\/em>) sino que lo redujeron a la m\u00ednima cantidad posible de genes para que una vez trasplantado en una bacteria vaciada de su genoma original, sobreviviera y mantuviera la capacidad de auto-replicaci\u00f3n. A diferencia de Sintia 1.0 que tomaba semanas en replicarse, Sintia 3.0 se replica en tres horas.<\/span><\/p>\n

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La versi\u00f3n Sintia 2.0, fue el resultado de sintetizar el genoma de M. Mycoides<\/em> y trasplantarlo a una bacteria diferente, Mycoplasma Capricolum<\/em>, para mostrar que un genoma artificial pod\u00eda insertarse en otro organismo y comandar all\u00ed las funciones de esa c\u00e9lula seg\u00fan el genoma de otra.<\/span><\/p>\n

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La b\u00fasqueda del genoma m\u00ednimo necesario para la vida no es nueva. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 buscar tal cosa? Por un lado, para investigaci\u00f3n. Un genoma m\u00ednimo podr\u00eda usarse como plataforma para experimentar la funci\u00f3n de genes espec\u00edficos que se le agregaran.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pero en el caso de Craig Venter, sus emprendimientos siempre han tenido un componente igual o mayor para obtener logros comerciales. Venter se hizo famoso por liderar el secuenciamiento del genoma humano por parte del sector privado, cuya concreci\u00f3n se anunci\u00f3 en conjunto con el mapa del consorcio p\u00fablico Proyecto Genoma Humano. Venter era parte de ese proyecto p\u00fablico, pero se retir\u00f3 en medio del proceso, se llev\u00f3 la informaci\u00f3n obtenida, se asoci\u00f3 con una empresa y luego fund\u00f3 la suya propia, tratando en el camino de patentar los genes humanos que iban conociendo. Es s\u00f3lo un ejemplo de los muchos en que Venter ha buscado privatizar conocimiento y bienes comunes de la humanidad.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Con Sintia, el objetivo de Venter es crear un chasis gen\u00e9tico, al que se le puedan agregar genes con diferentes funciones para usos industriales y comerciales.<\/strong> Venter menciona que Sintia 3.0 tambi\u00e9n se puede usar para investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, pero habr\u00e1 qu\u00e9 ver a qu\u00e9 costo, ya que a este personaje le es totalmente ajeno hacer nada por inter\u00e9s p\u00fablico o sin fines de lucro.<\/span><\/p>\n

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A esta carrocer\u00eda biol\u00f3gica se le podr\u00edan colocar genes de funciones como, por ejemplo, digerir celulosa y az\u00facares para ensamblar a partir de sus componentes, nuevas combinaciones qu\u00edmicas que produzcan combustibles, pl\u00e1sticos u otras sustancias industriales. Venter ya tuvo contratos con las petroleras BP y Exxon para desarrollar combustibles con biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica<\/strong>. No es el \u00fanico, las mayores trasnacionales de energ\u00eda, agronegocios, farmac\u00e9utica y qu\u00edmica est\u00e1n en la carrera industrial de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica. La industria no ha logrado escalar la producci\u00f3n de combustibles, pero ya hay productos como saborizantes, fragancias y cosm\u00e9ticos (vainilla, vetiver, azafr\u00e1n, aceite de coco, stevia y otros) que est\u00e1n en el mercado o en camino.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Significativamente, del genoma artificial de Sintia 3.0, que qued\u00f3 en 473 genes, los que la construyeron no saben para qu\u00e9 sirven 149 de \u00e9stos, toda una tercera parte, pese a intensos estudios. Reconocen tambi\u00e9n que el genoma creado se replica, pero no saben si tiene los genes necesarios para sobrevivir en otros ambientes. Digamos, Sintia est\u00e1 viva, pero no saben bien c\u00f3mo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Estas y otras lagunas que abundan en el campo de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica ser\u00edan interesantes si s\u00f3lo se refirieran a experimentos en laboratorio, pero se vuelven seriamente preocupantes cuando ya hay productos en mercados y al consumo. Su producci\u00f3n no sigue normas adecuadas para esta potente tecnolog\u00eda (no existen), sino que en muchos casos, se fermenta con el nivel de seguridad de la fermentaci\u00f3n de cerveza, con alto riesgo de escapes al ambiente, como ya sucedi\u00f3 en Brasil.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Por estas y m\u00e1s razones, varias organizaciones internacionales, junto a cient\u00edficos cr\u00edticos, planteamos en el Convenio de Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica (CDB), desde 2010, la necesidad de una moratoria internacional a la liberaci\u00f3n y uso comercial de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica, para permitir a la sociedad informarse y debatir sobre ella. Los pa\u00edses que primero se opusieron a aplicar el principio de precauci\u00f3n fueron M\u00e9xico y Canad\u00e1, luego apoyados por cient\u00edficos afines a las trasnacionales y otros pocos pa\u00edses. El tema sigue en debate en el CBD y ser\u00e1 uno de los puntos centrales de discusi\u00f3n de la pr\u00f3xima conferencia de las partes (COP 13) que se realizar\u00e1 en Canc\u00fan en diciembre de este a\u00f1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

*Investigadora del Grupo ETC<\/span><\/p>\n

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Construction of living organisms, created by computer and from a few chemicals, advancing at a pace much faster than the capacity of the society to understand and discuss its implications or develop minimum biosecurity regulations to prevent their impacts. Urge also understand what commercial interests there, which act to release to the environment and put into the markets, without independent oversight or regulation, products derived from these new forms of artificial life.<\/span><\/p>\n

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March 24, 2016, the controversial scientist and entrepreneur Craig Venter announced the creation in his laboratory in a new way of life, a bacterium whose genome was built completely in artificially and that baptized JCVI-Syn 3.0. The journal Science published an article talking about the process on March 25. (http:\/\/goo.gl\/PvMrfu).<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sintia 3.0, as we nicknamed it the ETC Group since its inception, differs from the first version, 1.0 Sintia, established in 2010, in several respects. (Here is a popular history of Sintia, http:\/\/goo.gl\/F3t0Y9<\/a> and http:\/\/goo.gl\/FUWJIe<\/a> who were behind this).<\/span><\/p>\n

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The most noticeable difference with Sintia 3.0 is that according to its creators now achieved a minimum functional genome, i.e., not copied in its entirety the genome of an existing organism (the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides) but that reduced it to the minimum number of genes once transplanted in a gutted their original genome bacteria, survive and to keep the capacity of self-replication. Unlike Sintia 1.0 taking weeks in replicated, Sintia 3.0 replicates in three hours.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sintia 2.0 version, was the result of synthesized the genome of M. Mycoides and transplanted it to a different bacteria, Mycoplasma Capricolum, to show that an artificial genome could be inserted into another organism and there command the functions of that cell to the genome of another.<\/span><\/p>\n

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The search of the minimal genome necessary for life is not new. Why looking for such a thing? On the one hand, for research. A minimal genome could be used as platform to experience the function of specific genes that will be added to you.<\/span><\/p>\n

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But in the case of Craig Venter, their enterprises have always had a component equal to or greater to get commercial achievements. Venter became famous for leading the sequencing of the human genome by the private sector, whose completion was announced in conjunction with the map of the human genome project public Consortium. Venter was part of that public project, but withdrew in the middle of the process, the information obtained was, was associated with a company and then founded his own, trying to in the way of patenting human genes that would know. It is just one example of many that Venter has sought to privatize knowledge and common goods of humanity.<\/span><\/p>\n

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With Sintia, Venter aims to create a genetic chassis, to which you can add genes with different functions for industrial and commercial applications. Venter mentions that Sintia 3.0 can also be used for scientific research, but there will be what to see at what cost, because that is totally alien to this character do anything in public interest or non-profit.<\/span><\/p>\n

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To this biological body could place you genes functions like, for example, digesting cellulose and sugars to assemble from their components, new chemical combinations that produce fuels, plastics or other industrial substances. Venter has already had contracts with the oil companies BP and Exxon to develop fuel with synthetic biology. It is not the only one, the major transnational energy, agribusiness, pharmaceutical and chemical are in industrial synthetic biology career. The industry has failed to scale the production of fuels, but there are already products such as flavorings, fragrances and cosmetics (vanilla, vetiver, saffron, coconut oil, stevia and others) that are on the market or on road.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Significantly, the artificial genome of Sintia 3.0, which was in 473 genes, those that built it do not know what they serve 149 of these, all one-third, despite intense studies. They also recognize that the created genome is replicated, but they do not know if you have the genes necessary for survival in other environments. Let’s say, Sintia is alive, but little know how.<\/span><\/p>\n

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These and other loopholes that abound in the field of synthetic biology would be interesting if they only referred to experiments in the laboratory, but become seriously worrying when there are already products on markets and consumption. Its production does not follow appropriate for this powerful technology standards (there), but in many cases, is fermented with the security level of fermentation of beer, with high risk of leaks to the environment, as it has already happened in Brazil.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Fortheseandmorereasons,severalinternationalorganizations,together withcritical<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tweet…………………………. Vida artificial: \u00bfqu\u00e9 hay detr\u00e1s? …….. … …… Artificial life: what’s behind? …….. etc…. .     …. ….. La construcci\u00f3n de organismos vivos, creados por computadora y a partir de unos cuantos qu\u00edmicos, avanza a un ritmo mucho m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido que la capacidad de la sociedad para comprender y debatir sus implicaciones o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-divulgacion","category-etnopaisaje","category-mis-dibujos"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=34248"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34353,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34248\/revisions\/34353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=34248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=34248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=34248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}