{"id":32428,"date":"2015-10-19T13:18:56","date_gmt":"2015-10-19T11:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=32428"},"modified":"2015-10-19T13:18:56","modified_gmt":"2015-10-19T11:18:56","slug":"el-gran-salto-de-la-tecnologia-que-puede-acabar-con-la-sed-en-el-mundo-the-great-leap-of-technology-that-can-end-with-thirst-in-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=32428","title":{"rendered":"El gran salto de la tecnolog\u00eda que puede acabar con la sed en el mundo.The great leap of technology that can end with thirst in the world"},"content":{"rendered":"

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El gran salto de la tecnolog\u00eda que puede acabar con la sed en el mundo<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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The<\/span> <\/span>great<\/span> <\/span>leap<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>technology<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> <\/span>can<\/span> <\/span>end<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>thirst<\/span> <\/span>in<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>world<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n

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BBC Mundo<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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La producci\u00f3n de agua potable del mar, a trav\u00e9s de la desalinizaci\u00f3n, siempre pareci\u00f3 ser la respuesta m\u00e1s obvia a la escasez del agua.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Nuestros oc\u00e9anos cubren m\u00e1s del 70% de la superficie de la Tierra y contienen el 97% de su agua.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Pero la energ\u00eda necesaria para alcanzar este proceso aparentemente simple siempre ha sido muy costosa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lea tambi\u00e9n: La ducha mexicana que puede ayudar a California a combatir la …………sequ\u00eda<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Pero ahora, gracias a las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas, los costos se han reducido a la mitad<\/strong> y enormes plantas de desalinizaci\u00f3n se est\u00e1n abriendo varias partes del mundo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Plantas gigantescas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La mayor planta desalinizadora del planeta, que se encuentra en Tel Aviv (Israel), est\u00e1 siendo ampliada para alcanzar sus l\u00edmites m\u00e1ximos de producci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lea tambi\u00e9n: \u00bfEs seguro reutilizar las botellas de agua?<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Esto significar\u00e1 624 millones de litros diarios de agua potable. Y podr\u00eda vender 1.000 litros (consumo semanal medio de una persona) por US$0,70.<\/span><\/p>\n

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diarios de agua potable.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tambi\u00e9n la planta de Ras al-Khair, en Arabia Saudita, alcanzar\u00e1 su producci\u00f3n plena en diciembre.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Instalada en el este de la Pen\u00ednsula Ar\u00e1biga, ser\u00e1 incluso mayor que la israel\u00ed, abasteciendo con mil millones de litros diarios<\/strong> a Riad, cuya poblaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 creciendo r\u00e1pidamente.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Y una planta de energ\u00eda vinculada a ella producir\u00e1 2,4 millones de vatios de electricidad.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Del mismo modo, en San Diego se encontrar\u00e1 la mayor planta de EE.UU, que estar\u00e1 operativa en noviembre.<\/span><\/p>\n

Las innovaciones que lo hacen posible<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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El modo tradicional de extraer agua potable del mar, o agua salobre, es hervirla y despu\u00e9s recoger el agua evaporada<\/strong> como un destilado puro.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Esto demanda una gran cantidad de energ\u00eda, pero funciona bien si se combina con plantas industriales<\/strong> que producen calor en su funcionamiento normal.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Las nuevas desalinizadoras de Arabia Saudita se construyen junto plantas de energ\u00eda por este motivo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Esta \u00f3smosis inversa utiliza menos energ\u00eda y ha dado una nueva oportunidad a una tecnolog\u00eda que existe desde los a\u00f1os 60.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Implica empujar el agua salada a alta presi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de una membrana de pol\u00edmero que contiene agujeros con un tama\u00f1o equivalente a la quinta parte de un nan\u00f3metro.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Los orificios son lo suficientemente peque\u00f1os para bloquear las mol\u00e9culas de sal pero lo suficientemente grandes para permitir el paso de las mol\u00e9culas de agua.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abEsta membrana quita las sales y minerales completamente del agua\u00bb<\/strong>, explica el profesor Nidal Hilal, de la Universidad de Swansea, en Reino Unido, y editor en jefe de la revista \u00abDesalinizaci\u00f3n\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pero estas membranas pod\u00edan obstruirse f\u00e1cilmente y perder rendimiento.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ahora, una mejor tecnolog\u00eda de materiales y t\u00e9cnicas de tratamiento previo nuevas permiten que sigan funcionando con mayor eficiencia durante m\u00e1s tiempo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Y en Israel, los dise\u00f1adores de Sorek ahorran energ\u00eda usando vasos de presi\u00f3n de tama\u00f1o doble.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tecnolog\u00eda alternativa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La \u00f3smosis directa<\/strong> es una forma alternativa de eliminar la sal del agua del mar, seg\u00fan el profesor Nick Hankins, ingeniero qu\u00edmico de la Universidad de Oxford.<\/span><\/p>\n

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En lugar de empujar el agua a trav\u00e9s de la membrana, se utiliza una soluci\u00f3n concentrada para extraer la sal.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Despu\u00e9s eliminas esa disoluci\u00f3n, produciendo el agua pura.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas de las plantas han permitido reducir a la mitad el coste de la desalinizaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abEs posible separar el agua con muy poca energ\u00eda\u00bb, asegura el profesor.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Otro posible m\u00e9todo es la llamada desionizaci\u00f3n capacitiva,<\/strong> que en esencia es tener un im\u00e1n para atraer la sal.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abDeber\u00edamos ser capaces de desalar el agua usando entre la mitad y una quinta parte de la energ\u00eda de la \u00f3smosis inversa\u00bb, asegura el doctor Michael Stadermann, del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore de California.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Esta t\u00e9cnica a\u00fan est\u00e1 en etapa de prueba.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00bfY la sal sobrante?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Un problema con la desalinizaci\u00f3n es qu\u00e9 hacer con la sal sobrante.<\/span><\/p>\n

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El agua en el Golfo P\u00e9rsico hist\u00f3ricamente tiene 35.000 partes de sal por mill\u00f3n (ppm). Pero seg\u00fan su Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, algunas \u00e1reas cercanas a las plantas alcanzan ahora las 50.000 ppm.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abHay que asegurarse de que el agua demasiado salada es desplazada lo suficientemente lejos del mar, que no tienes recirculaci\u00f3n de esa agua, porque de lo contrario se volver\u00e1 m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s salada\u00bb<\/strong>, dice Floris van Straaten, de la empresa de ingenier\u00eda suiza P\u00f6yry, que supervisa la construcci\u00f3n del proyecto de Ras al-Khair.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Por su parte, Jessica Jones, de Poseidon Water, firma que construye la planta de Carlsbad en California, sostiene: \u00abNuestra planta est\u00e1 instalada junto a una planta de energ\u00eda que utiliza agua de mar para la refrigeraci\u00f3n\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nuestra descarga se mezcla, por lo que en el momento en que entra en el oc\u00e9ano, la sal se ha dispersado\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pero en Estados Unidos los grupos ecologistas han luchado en los tribunales contra la construcci\u00f3n de nuevas plantas de desalinizaci\u00f3n, diciendo que las consecuencias de la reintroducci\u00f3n de la salmuera al mar no se han estudiado adecuadamente.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abY cuando el agua se est\u00e1 extrayendo del oc\u00e9ano, trae peces y otros organismos que se introducen en la maquinaria, teniendo esto un impacto ambiental y econ\u00f3mico\u00bb, explica Wenonah Hauter, director de Food and Water Watch en Washington DC.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Precio del agua<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La desalinizaci\u00f3n puede ser cada vez m\u00e1s barata, aunque todav\u00eda es prohibitiva para los pa\u00edses pobres, muchos de los cuales sufren escasez de agua.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u00e1s de dos quintas partes de los 800 millones de personas en \u00c1frica viven en zonas de \u00abestr\u00e9s h\u00eddrico\u00bb, que se define como la prestaci\u00f3n de menos de 1.700 metros c\u00fabicos de agua por persona.<\/span><\/p>\n

Naciones Unidas predice que en 10 a\u00f1os casi 2.000 millones de personas vivir\u00e1n en zonas con escasez de agua, luchando por menos de 1.000 metros c\u00fabicos de agua cada una.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo que m\u00e1s necesitan estas regiones es un dispositivo de desalinizaci\u00f3n que pueda suministrar a 100 o 200 personas, el tama\u00f1o de un pueblo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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La desalinizaci\u00f3n capacitiva es una soluci\u00f3n potencia, al igual que la desalinizaci\u00f3n con energ\u00eda solar, cuyos costes se han reducido el triple en 15 a\u00f1os.<\/span><\/p>\n

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As\u00ed, mientras la desalaci\u00f3n ha avanzado enormemente en los pa\u00edses ricos, tambi\u00e9n es necesario que llegue a los que son m\u00e1s pobres en dinero y agua.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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The production of drinking water from the sea through desalination, always seemed to be the most obvious answer to the shortage of water.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Our oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and contain 97% of its water.<\/span><\/p>\n

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But the energy required to reach this seemingly simple process always has been very expensive.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nSee also: Mexican shower that can help California fight drought<\/span><\/p>\n

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But now, thanks to new technologies, costs have been reduced by half and huge desalination plants are being opened across the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Giant plants<\/span><\/p>\n

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The largest desalination plant in the planet, which is located in Tel Aviv (Israel), is being expanded to reach their maximum production limits.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Read also: is it safe to reuse water bottles?<\/span><\/p>\n

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This will mean 624 million litres of drinking water a day. And could sell 1,000 liters (weekly average consumption of a person) by US$ 0, 70.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Also the floor of Ras al – Khair, in Saudi Arabia, will reach its full production in December.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Installed in the East of the Arabian Peninsula, will be even larger than the israeli, supplying billion litres a day to Riad, whose population is growing rapidly.<\/span><\/p>\n

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And linked to her power plant will produce 2.4 million watts of electricity.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Similarly, the largest plant in the US will be in San Diego. UU, which will be operational in November.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Innovations that make it possible<\/span><\/p>\n

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The traditional way of extracting drinking sea water or brackish water, is boiling it and then collect the water evaporated as a pure distillate.<\/span><\/p>\n

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This demands a lot of energy, but it works well when combined with industrial plants that produce heat in normal operation.<\/span><\/p>\n

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New desalination plants in Saudi Arabia are built together power plants for this reason.<\/span><\/p>\n

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This reverse osmosis uses less energy and has given a new opportunity to a technology that has existed since the 1960s.<\/span><\/p>\n

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More than two-fifths of the 800 million people in Africa live in areas of Image copyright GETTY<\/span><\/p>\n

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More than two-fifths of the 800 million people in Africa live in areas of \u00abwater stress\u00bb, with less than 1,700 cubic meters of water per head.<\/span><\/p>\n

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It involves push salt water at high pressure through a polymer membrane that contains holes with a fifth of a nanometer size.<\/span><\/p>\n

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The holes are small enough to block the salt molecules but large enough to allow the passage of water molecules.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abThis membrane removes salts and minerals from the water,\u00bb explains Professor Nidal Hilal, from the University of Swansea in the United Kingdom, and editor in Chief of the magazine \u00abDesalination\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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But these membranes could easily become clogged and lose performance.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Better technology of materials and new pre-treatment techniques can, now, that it will operate more efficiently for longer.<\/span><\/p>\n

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And in Israel, Sorek designers save energy using double-size pressure vessels.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Alternative technology<\/span><\/p>\n

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Forward osmosis is an alternative way of removing the salt from the sea water, according to Professor Nick Hankins, chemical engineer from the University of Oxford.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Instead of pushing the water through the membrane, a concentrated solution is used to extract salt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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After you remove this dissolution, producing pure water.<\/span><\/p>\n

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New technologies of plants allowed to halving the cost of desalination. Image copyright JACK GILRON<\/span><\/p>\n

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New technologies of plants allowed to halving the cost of desalination.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abIt is possible to separate the water with very little energy,\u00bb says the professor.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Another possible method is called capacitive deionization, which in essence is to have a magnet to attract the salt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abWe should be able to desalinate water using between half and one-fifth of the energy of the reverse osmosis,\u00bb says Dr. Michael Stadermann, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.<\/span><\/p>\n

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This technique is still in the test stage.<\/span><\/p>\n

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And the excess salt?<\/span><\/p>\n

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A problem with desalination is what to do with the remaining salt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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In the Persian Gulf water historically has 35,000 parts of salt per million (ppm). But according to its Ministry of environment and water, some areas near the plants now reached the 50,000 ppm.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abShould ensure that too much salt water is displaced it sufficiently far from the sea, which do not have that water recirculation, because otherwise it will become more and more salt\u00bb, said Floris van Straaten, P\u00f6yry Swiss engineering company, which oversees the construction of the project of Ras al – Khair.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Meanwhile, Jessica Jones, Poseidon Water, signs that he constructs the plant of Carlsbad in California, says: \u00abour plant is installed next to a power plant that uses sea water for cooling\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Our download is mixed, so at the moment that enters the ocean, salt has dispersed\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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But in United States environmental groups have fought in court against the construction of new desalination plant, saying that the consequences of the reintroduction of the brine to the sea have not been adequately studied.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abAnd when the water is pulling Ocean, brings fish and other organisms that are introduced into the machinery, with this environmental and economic impact\u00bb, explains Wenonah Hauter, director of Food and Water Watch in Washington, DC.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Price of water<\/span><\/p>\n

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Desalination can be cheaper than ever, although it is still prohibitive for poor countries, many of whom suffer from water shortages.<\/span><\/p>\n

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More than two-fifths of the 800 million people in Africa live in areas of \u00abwater stress\u00bb, which is defined as the provision of less than 1,700 cubic meters of water per person.<\/span><\/p>\n

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United Nations predicts that in 10 years nearly 2,000 million people will live in areas with water shortages, fighting for less than 1,000 cubic meters of water each.<\/span><\/p>\n

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What they most need these regions is a device of desalination which can supply 100 or 200 people, the size of a village.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Capacitive desalination is one solution power, as well as the desalination by solar energy, whose costs have been reduced three times in 15 years.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Thus, while desalination has made huge progress in rich countries, it is also necessary to reach those who are most poor in money and water.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tweet………………… El gran salto de la tecnolog\u00eda que puede acabar con la sed en el mundo ….. The great leap of technology that can end with thirst in the world   …. ….           .. BBC Mundo …… ……. La producci\u00f3n de agua potable del mar, a trav\u00e9s de la desalinizaci\u00f3n, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32428","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-divulgacion","category-etnopaisaje","category-mis-dibujos"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32428","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=32428"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32428\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32434,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32428\/revisions\/32434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=32428"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=32428"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=32428"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

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