{"id":23200,"date":"2014-07-21T11:00:33","date_gmt":"2014-07-21T09:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=23200"},"modified":"2014-07-21T11:00:33","modified_gmt":"2014-07-21T09:00:33","slug":"riesgos-ecologicos-asociados-con-la-liberacion-de-organismos-sinteticos-ecological-risks-associated-with-the-release-of-synthetic-organisms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=23200","title":{"rendered":"Riesgos ecol\u00f3gicos asociados con la liberaci\u00f3n de organismos sint\u00e9ticos.Ecological risks associated with the release of synthetic organisms"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tweet<\/a><\/p>

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Riesgos ecol\u00f3gicos asociados con la liberaci\u00f3n de organismos sint\u00e9ticos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ecological risks associated<\/strong> with the release of synthetic organisms<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Impactos potenciales de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica en la<\/span><\/p>\n

conservaci\u00f3n y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad<\/span><\/p>\n

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Grupo ETC<\/span><\/p>\n

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Etnopaisaje.com<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

La biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica se refiere de manera amplia al uso de ingenier\u00eda biol\u00f3gica, asistida por<\/span><\/p>\n

computadoras, para dise\u00f1ar y construir en laboratorio nuevas partes biol\u00f3gicas<\/strong>, herramientas y<\/span><\/p>\n

sistemas que no existen en la naturaleza y el redise\u00f1o de los organismos biol\u00f3gicos existentes,<\/span><\/p>\n

especialmente partes modulares. La biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica intenta aplicar un enfoque predictivo de<\/span><\/p>\n

ingenier\u00eda usando \u201cpartes\u201d gen\u00e9ticas que se piensa est\u00e9n bien caracterizadas y cuyo<\/span><\/p>\n

comportamiento puede predecirse de manera racional.<\/span><\/p>\n

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La biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica no es una tecnolog\u00eda discreta o una disciplina cient\u00edfica; se entiende mejor<\/span><\/p>\n

en el contexto de las m\u00faltiples disciplina<\/strong>s convergentes cient\u00edficas y tecnol\u00f3gicas. En particular,<\/span><\/p>\n

la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica involucra la biolog\u00eda molecular, gen\u00f3mica, ingenier\u00eda, nanobiotecnolog\u00eda y<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

tecnolog\u00edas del a informaci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Aunque no existe una definici\u00f3n aceptada universalmente, la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica ha sido definida<\/span><\/p>\n

por un n\u00famero de organismos cient\u00edficos o gubernamentales. Por ejemplo:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLa biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica es un \u00e1rea emergente de investigaci\u00f3n que puede describirse manera<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

amplia como el dise\u00f1o y la construcci\u00f3n de nuevas rutas biol\u00f3gicas, organismos o herramientas<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

facturados en laboratorio, o el re dise\u00f1o de los sistemas naturales biol\u00f3gicos ya existentes.\u201d <\/em>\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n

Royal Society del Reino Unido2.<\/span><\/p>\n

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La biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica es el dise\u00f1o de componentes biol\u00f3gicos y sistemas que no existen en la<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

naturaleza<\/em><\/strong> y el re-dise\u00f1o de elementos biol\u00f3gicos ya existentes; est\u00e1 enfocado en el dise\u00f1o<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

intencional de sistemas biol\u00f3gicos artificiales en vez de en la comprensi\u00f3n de la biolog\u00eda<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

natural<\/em>. Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Uni\u00f3n Europea (octubre de 2005).<\/span><\/p>\n

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A diferencia de otras formas de contaminaci\u00f3n, como los derrames qu\u00edmicos, que pueden ser<\/span><\/p>\n

contenidos o limpiarse, los organismos vivos que se reproducen no pueden traerse de regreso una vez liberados en el ambiente<\/strong> (Snow 2010). Un reporte de 2009 se\u00f1ala que \u201cincluso si la fuente de todas las partes de un microorganismo sint\u00e9tico se conocen, y se comprende cada nuevo circuito gen\u00e9tico, ser\u00e1 dif\u00edcil predecir si el organismo tendr\u00e1 caracter\u00edsticas inesperadas que emerjan.\u201d (Rodemeyer 2009, p. 27). Si bien los organismos dise\u00f1ados tal vez no tengan una ventaja fisiol\u00f3gica al encontrarse en el ambiente, tambi\u00e9n es posible que puedan encontrar un nicho ecol\u00f3gico, sobrevivir y reproducirse e intercambiar genes con otras especies.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Los organismos sint\u00e9ticos liberados podr\u00edan ocasionar contaminaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica, amenazar la<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

biodiversidad y el bienestar <\/strong>y sustento de las comunidades cercanas. La mayor\u00eda de los<\/span><\/p>\n

organismos dise\u00f1ados mediante biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica (como algas, levaduras, E. coli<\/em>) de manera<\/span><\/p>\n

natural y regular intercambian genes<\/span><\/p>\n

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Organismos dise\u00f1ados para producir qu\u00edmicos industriales o combustibles, que puedan salir del<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

confinamiento podr\u00edan tambi\u00e9n convertirse en una nueva clase de contaminantes<\/strong>. Las algas<\/span><\/p>\n

dise\u00f1adas para producir aceites, por ejemplo, podr\u00edan escapar y continuar su producci\u00f3n de<\/span><\/p>\n

aceites, pero en una v\u00eda acu\u00e1tica local. Un organismos dise\u00f1ado para descomponer la ca\u00f1a de<\/span><\/p>\n

az\u00facar podr\u00eda escapar y continuar consumiendo az\u00facar en el ambiente que la rodea<\/span><\/p>\n

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Una aplicaci\u00f3n industrial com\u00fan de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica es el desarrollo de microbios para<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

transformar la celulosa<\/strong> y otros az\u00facares en compuestos industriales. Existe preocupaci\u00f3n de<\/span><\/p>\n

que tales organismos, si fuesen liberados en ambientes ricos en celulosa (tierras, bosques,<\/span><\/p>\n

etc.)m podr\u00eda continuar secretando contaminantes ambientales.<\/span><\/p>\n

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En un caso paralelo, cuando<\/span><\/p>\n

los investigadores agregaron Klebsiella planticola <\/em>(una bacteria com\u00fan de la tierra dise\u00f1ada<\/span><\/p>\n

mediante t\u00e9cnicas de ADN recombinante para mejorar la fermentaci\u00f3n del etanol de trigo) a<\/span><\/p>\n

unas tierras en el laboratorio, el microbio dise\u00f1ado sobrevivi\u00f3 y despu\u00e9s de tres semanas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

disminuy\u00f3 significativamente el n\u00famero de nem\u00e1todos que se alimentan de bacterias y hongos<\/strong>,<\/span><\/p>\n

subsecuentemente matando las plantas de trigo que crec\u00edan en esos suelos (Holmes et al<\/span><\/p>\n

1999)<\/span><\/p>\n

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La bacteria natural, la no dise\u00f1ada, no tuvo esos efectos<\/strong>. Los autores sugirieron que la<\/span><\/p>\n

Klebsiella planticola <\/em>dise\u00f1ada utiliz\u00f3 ra\u00edces de plantas y materia org\u00e1nica en la tierra para<\/span><\/p>\n

continuar la producci\u00f3n de etanol. Este caso ilustra los enormes impactos potenciales en el<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ecosistema que puede ocasional la introducci\u00f3n de genes y organismos nuevos<\/strong>, ante la<\/span><\/p>\n

ausencia de una evaluaci\u00f3n de riesgos adecuada y de estrategias de mitigaci\u00f3n,<\/span><\/p>\n

particularmente donde los microorganismos est\u00e1n dise\u00f1ados para producir compuestos<\/span><\/p>\n

industriales o para usar celulosa y otros az\u00facares comunes como alimentaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

…….<\/span><\/p>\n

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Organismos sint\u00e9ticos para usos comerciales est\u00e1n siendo desarrollados en<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

establecimientos con confinamiento f\u00edsico parcial (es decir, tanques de fermentaci\u00f3n o biorreactores) as\u00ed como organismos para usarse en el ambiente, no contenidos (como la producci\u00f3n de biocombustibles con algas modificadas sint\u00e9ticamente en estanques a cielo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Las aplicaciones actuales de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica se enfocan en cuatro \u00e1reas de producci\u00f3n<\/span><\/p>\n

principales \u2014tres de las cuales dependen en gran medida de los procesos de transformaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/p>\n

de la biomasa: 1) biocombustibles; 2) qu\u00edmicos a granel y especiales; 3) s\u00edntesis de productos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

naturales, incluso compuestos m\u00e9dicos; 4) aplicaciones biom\u00e9dicas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Potential impact of synthetic biology on the
\nconservation and sustainable use of biodiversity<\/span><\/p>\n

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What is synthetic biology?
\nSynthetic biology refers broadly to the use of biological engineering, assisted by
\ncomputers, to design and build new biological parts laboratory, tools and
\nsystems that do not exist in nature and the redesign of existing biological organisms,
\nespecially modular parts. Synthetic biology attempts to apply a predictive approach
\nengineering using \u00abparts\u00bb that are thought to be genetic well characterized and whose
\nbehavior can be predicted in a rational manner.
\n…………………<\/span><\/p>\n

Synthetic biology is not a discrete technology or scientific discipline, is best understood
\nin the context of the many scientific and technological disciplines converged. In particular, Synthetic biology involves molecular biology, genomics, engineering, and nanobiotechnology information technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Although there is no universally accepted definition, synthetic biology has been defined
\nby a number of scientists or government agencies. For example:
\n\u00abSynthetic biology is an emerging area of research that can be described as
\nwide as the design and construction of new biological pathways, organisms or tools
\nbilled laboratory, or redesign of existing biological natural systems. \u00ab-
\nRoyal Society Kingdom2.
\n………………..<\/span><\/p>\n

Synthetic biology is the design of biological components and systems that do not exist in
\nnature and the redesign of existing biological elements, is focused on the design
\nintentional artificial biological systems instead of in the understanding of the biology
\nnatural. DG Research of the European Union (October 2005).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Unlike other forms of pollution, such as chemical spills, which can be
\ncontained or cleaned, living organisms that reproduce can not be brought back
\nonce released into the environment (Snow 2010). A 2009 report notes that \u00abeven if the
\nsource of all parts of a microorganism known synthetic, and each comprising
\nnew genetic circuit, it is difficult to predict whether the agency will have unexpected features
\nemerge. \u00ab(Rodemeyer 2009, p. 27). While engineered organisms may not have
\na physiological advantage to be in the environment, it is also possible to find
\nan ecological niche, survive and reproduce and exchange genes with other species.
\n……………
\nSynthetic organisms could cause genetic pollution released, threaten
\nbiodiversity and the welfare and livelihood of the surrounding communities. Most
\ndesigned using synthetic biology organisms (such as algae, yeast, E. coli) such
\nexchange genes regulate natural<\/span><\/p>\n

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Organizations designed to produce industrial chemicals or fuels, they can leave the
\nconfinement could also become a new class of pollutants. algae
\noils designed to produce, for example, could escape and continue production of
\noils, but in a waterway local. A designed for decomposing organisms cane
\nsugar could escape and continue to consume sugar in the surrounding environment
\n……………
\nA common industrial application of synthetic biology is to develop microbes for
\ntransforming cellulose and other sugars in industrial compounds. There is concern
\nthat such bodies, if they were released in environments rich in cellulose (land, forests,
\netc..) m could continue secreting environmental pollutants.
\n…………………<\/span><\/p>\n

In a parallel case, when
\nKlebsiella planticola researchers added (a common bacterium designed land
\nusing recombinant DNA techniques to improve the ethanol fermentation of wheat) to
\nsome land in the laboratory, the engineered microbe survived and after three weeks
\nsignificantly decreased the number of nematodes that feed on bacteria and fungi,
\nsubsequently killing wheat plants growing in such soil (Holmes et al
\n1999)<\/span><\/p>\n

……………….<\/span><\/p>\n

The natural bacteria, not designed, did not have these effects. The authors suggested that Klebsiella planticola designed used plant roots and organic matter on earth to continue the production of ethanol<\/span><\/p>\n

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This case illustrates the enormous potential impacts on
\necosystem that can occasionally introducing new genes and organisms, to the
\nabsence of a proper risk assessment and mitigation strategies,
\nparticularly where microorganisms are designed to produce compounds
\ncellulose or for industrial use and other common sugars as feedstock.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Synthetic organisms for commercial uses are being developed in
\npartial physical confinement establishments (ie fermentation tanks or
\nbioreactors) and organisms for use in the environment are not contained (as
\nbiofuel production with synthetically modified algae in ponds to
\nopen).
\n………….
\nCurrent applications of synthetic biology focus on four areas of production
\nmain-three of which depend largely on the process of transformation
\nbiomass: 1) biofuels, 2) bulk and specialty chemicals, 3) synthesis of
\nnatural compounds including physicians, 4) biomedical applications<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tweet………………… Riesgos ecol\u00f3gicos asociados con la liberaci\u00f3n de organismos sint\u00e9ticos ….. ……… Ecological risks associated with the release of synthetic organisms ….. … Impactos potenciales de la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica en la conservaci\u00f3n y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad …… ….. Grupo ETC ,,,,,, ,,,,,,, Etnopaisaje.com …. . . …. ……. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la biolog\u00eda sint\u00e9tica? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-etnopaisaje"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23200","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23200"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28896,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23200\/revisions\/28896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}