{"id":22065,"date":"2012-10-10T14:07:06","date_gmt":"2012-10-10T12:07:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=22065"},"modified":"2012-10-10T14:07:06","modified_gmt":"2012-10-10T12:07:06","slug":"de-quien-es-la-naturaleza-who-owns-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/?p=22065","title":{"rendered":"De qui\u00e9n es la naturaleza?.Who Owns Nature?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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De\u00a0 qui\u00e9n es la naturaleza?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Who Owns Nature?<\/span><\/p>\n

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El poder corporativo y la frontera final en la mercantilizaci\u00f3n de la vida<\/span><\/p>\n

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Etnopaisaje.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hace tres d\u00e9cadas, la humanidad ten\u00eda un problema, la ciencia ten\u00eda una fascinaci\u00f3n y la industria ten\u00eda una oportunidad. Nuestro problema era la injusticia. Las filas de los hambrientos se estaban expandiendo mientras que las filas de los agricultores se enrarece. Mientras tanto, la ciencia estaba fascinada por la biotecnolog\u00eda – la idea de que podr\u00edan dise\u00f1ar gen\u00e9ticamente los cultivos y el ganado (y la gente) con caracter\u00edsticas que podr\u00edan superar todos nuestros problema<\/strong>s. Agronegocios vio la oportunidad de extraer la plusval\u00eda enorme que estaba atada a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria.<\/span><\/p>\n

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El sistema alimentario tremendamente descentralizado celebrada bolsillos de lucro s\u00f3lo clamando a ser centralizado. Toda la industria ten\u00eda que hacer era convencer a los gobiernos de que la revoluci\u00f3n biotecnol\u00f3gica gen podr\u00eda acabar con el hambre sin da\u00f1ar el medio ambiente.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La biotecnolog\u00eda se presenta como demasiado arriesgado para las empresas peque\u00f1as<\/strong> y demasiado caro para los investigadores p\u00fablicos. Con el fin de llevar esta tecnolog\u00eda al mundo, los fitomejoradores p\u00fablicos tendr\u00edan que dejar de competir con los criadores privados, las<\/strong> autoridades tendr\u00edan que mirar para otro lado cuando las empresas de plaguicidas comprado las compa\u00f1\u00edas de semillas que, a su vez, compraron otras empresas de semillas.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Los gobiernos tendr\u00edan que proteger las inversiones de la industria, ofreciendo primeras patentes sobre plantas y luego sobre los genes. <\/strong>Normas de seguridad del consumidor, ganada a lo largo de un siglo, tendr\u00eda que ceder el paso a los alimentos gen\u00e9ticamente modificados y las drogas. Industria consigui\u00f3 lo que quer\u00eda.<\/span><\/p>\n

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De miles de compa\u00f1\u00edas de semillas e instituciones p\u00fablicas de cr\u00eda hace tres d\u00e9cadas, diez empresas controlan m\u00e1s de dos tercios de las ventas mundiales de semillas patentadas<\/strong>. De las docenas de compa\u00f1\u00edas de plaguicidas hace tres d\u00e9cadas, diez controlan ahora casi el 90% de las ventas de agroqu\u00edmicos en todo el mundo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Desde casi un millar de nuevas empresas de biotecnolog\u00eda hace 15 a\u00f1os, diez empresas tienen ahora tres cuartas partes de los ingresos de la industria<\/strong>. Y seis de los l\u00edderes en semillas son tambi\u00e9n seis de los l\u00edderes en plaguicidas y biotecnolog\u00eda.<\/span><\/p>\n

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. Durante las \u00faltimas tres d\u00e9cadas, un pu\u00f1ado de empresas se ha ganado el control de esa cuarta parte de la biomasa anual del planeta<\/strong> (cultivos, ganader\u00eda, pesca, etc) que se ha integrado en la econom\u00eda de mercado mundial<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nHoy en d\u00eda, la humanidad tiene un problema, la ciencia tiene una fascinaci\u00f3n y la industria tiene una oportunidad. Nuestro problema es el hambre y la injusticia en un mundo de caos clim\u00e1tico. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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La ciencia es la fascinaci\u00f3n con la convergencia en la nano escala<\/strong> – incluyendo el potencial para dise\u00f1ar nuevas formas de vida desde abajo hacia arriba. Industria oportunidad radica en las tres cuartas partes de la biomasa del mundo que (aunque usada y \u00fatil) permanece fuera de la econom\u00eda de mercado global.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Con la ayuda de las nuevas tecnolog\u00edas, la industria considera que cualquier sustancia qu\u00edmica producida a partir del carbono en los combustibles f\u00f3sil se pueden hacer desde el carbono que se encuentra en las plantas<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Las algas de los oc\u00e9anos, los \u00e1rboles de la Amazonia y los pastos de sabana puede<\/strong> proporcionar el (supuestamente) las materias primas renovables para alimentar a la gente,
\nlos coches de combustible, widgets fabricaci\u00f3n, y curar enfermedades mientras que defenderse de calentamiento global.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Para que la industria realcer esta visi\u00f3n, los gobiernos deben aceptar que esta tecnolog\u00eda es demasiado cara<\/strong>. Los competidores deben estar convencidos de que es demasiado arriesgado. Reglamento deben ser desmanteladas y el monopolio de patentes deben ser aprobadas.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nLas nuevas tecnolog\u00edas no tienen por qu\u00e9 ser socialmente \u00fatiles o t\u00e9cnicamente superiores con el fin de ser rentable<\/strong><\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n. Todo lo que tienen que hacer es ahuyentar a la competencia de los gobiernos y obligarlos a ceder el control.<\/strong> Una vez que el mercado est\u00e1 monopolizado, \u00bfc\u00f3mo funciona la tecnolog\u00eda es irrelevante.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Who Owns Nature?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Corporate Power and the Final Frontier in the Commodification of Life<\/span><\/p>\n

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Three decades ago, humanity had a problem; science had a fascination; and industry had an opportunity. Our problem was injustice. The ranks of the hungry were expanding while the ranks of farmers were thinning. Meanwhile, science was fascinated by biotechnology \u2013 the idea that we could genetically engineer crops and livestock (and people) with traits that could overcome all our problems. Agribusiness saw an opportunity to extract the enormous surplus value that was laced throughout the food chain. The hugely decentralized food system held pockets of profit just crying out to be centralized. All industry had to do was convince governments that biotech\u2019s gene revolution could end hunger without harming the environment. Biotechnology was presented as too risky for small companies and too expensive for public researchers. In order to bring this technology to the world, public breeders would have to stop competing with private breeders, regulators would have to look the other way when pesticide companies bought seed companies which, in turn, bought other seed companies. Governments would have to protect industry\u2019s investments by offering patents first on plants and then on genes. Consumer safety regulations, hard-won over the course of a century, would have to yield to genetically modified foods and drugs. Industry got what it wanted. From thousands of seed companies and public breeding institutions three decades ago, ten companies now control more than two thirds of global proprietary seed sales. From dozens of pesticide companies three decades ago, ten now control almost 90% of agrochemical sales worldwide. From almost a thousand biotech startups 15 years ago, ten companies now have three quarters of industry revenue. And, six of the leaders in seeds are also six of the leaders in pesticides and biotech. Over the past three decades, a handful of companies has gained control of that one quarter of the world\u2019s annual biomass (crops, livestock, fisheries, etc.) that has been integrated into the world market economy.
\nToday, humanity has a problem; science has a fascination; and industry has an opportunity. Our problem is hunger and injustice in a world of cli- mate chaos. Science\u2019s fascination is with convergence at the nano-scale \u2013 including the potential to design new life forms from the bottom-up. Industry\u2019s opportunity lies in the three quarters of the world\u2019s biomass that (although used and useful) remains outside the global market economy. With the aid of new technologies, industry believes that any chemical made from the carbon in fosil fuels can be made from the carbon found in plants. The oceans\u2019 algae, the Amazon\u2019s trees and savanna grasses can provide the (purportedly) renewable raw materials to feed people,
\nfuel cars, manufacture widgets, and cure diseases while fending off global warming. In order for industry to realize this vision, governments must accept that this technology is too expensive. Competitors must be convinced it is too risky. Regulations need to be dismantled and monopoly patents need to be approved.
\nNew technologies don\u2019t have to be socially useful or technically superior in order to be profitable.
\nAnd, as it was with biotechnology, the new technologies don\u2019t need to be socially useful or technically superior (i.e., they don\u2019t have to work) in order to be profitable. All they have to do is chase away the competition and coerce governments into surrendering control. Once the market is monopolized, how the technology performs is irrelevant<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tweet………….. . De\u00a0 qui\u00e9n es la naturaleza? ……. … Who Owns Nature? …… … … El poder corporativo y la frontera final en la mercantilizaci\u00f3n de la vida …… …. . Etnopaisaje.com …. …. … Hace tres d\u00e9cadas, la humanidad ten\u00eda un problema, la ciencia ten\u00eda una fascinaci\u00f3n y la industria ten\u00eda una oportunidad. Nuestro […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-etnopaisaje"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22065","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22065"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22065\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22072,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22065\/revisions\/22072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22065"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22065"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.floracantabrica.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22065"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}